In a molecule, atoms are bound together by sharing electrons with other atoms. When weak bonds split, free radicals are formed. A free radical is a molecule with one electron missing. These free radicals are very unstable and attack the nearest stable molecules to get electrons. This results in a chain reaction and new free radicals are formed.
Free Radical Damage
Normally the body can handle these free radicals, but excessive free radicals can damage cells and are not good for health.
If the free radicals take electrons from important components in the body, like protein, fat or DNA, they create health problems such as cataract, heart disease, arthritis, aging and cancer. Free radicals can also contribute to premature aging.
What produces Free radicals?
Free radicals are formed in the body due to several reasons. Some are given below.
Burning of oxygen by body's cells to produce energy.
Environmental factors such as pollution, smoking, cigarette smoke, alcohol, stress, herbicides, radiation and ultraviolet light.
During metabolism.
Sometimes the body’s immune system create them to neutralize viruses and bacteria.
Antioxidants and Free Radicals
Antioxidant Definition
It is not possible to give a simple antioxidant definition but it can be explained as below.
As free radicals have deficiency of electrons, compounds are needed which can neutralize free radicals by donating their own electrons to free radicals but they themselves do not become free radicals in the process. This stops the electron-"stealing" chain reaction.
The antioxidants themselves do not become free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form. Antioxidants convert free radicals to harmless waste products that are eliminated from the body before any damage is done to the body.
Thus the antioxidants act as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage.
Benefits of Antioxidants
The antioxidants are very good for prevention of diseases like heart disease and cancers. The antioxidants like vitamin E may protect against cardiovascular disease by defending against plaque formation in the arteries.
The antioxidants like vitamin C defend against cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus.
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